Papamuri
Ko te tikanga o ngā whakahaerenga o Hingaiapore ko te whakawhiwhinga a te Kōti i ngā utu a te rōpū/rōpū tautohe angitu i runga i te kaupapa paerewa. E mōhiotia ana tēnei huarahi ko "ngā utu e whai ake i te kaupapa" ko "te tangata i hinga ka utu" rānei; heoi, he maha ngā wā he "engari" nui kei roto, nā te mea ehara i te mea ko te whakahoki mai i ngā utu katoa kua pau. Ko ngā utu a te rōpū/rōpū i runga i te kaupapa paerewa ka whakatauhia kia rite ki ngā tauine kua whakaritea, ā, kāore tonu e whakahoki i te "toa" i ngā utu tuturu i puta i a rātou. Ko te whakawhiwhinga o ngā utu tuturu ka kiia ko "ngā utu inihua". Me whai āhuatanga motuhake hei whakamārama i te wehenga atu i ngā utu tauine kua whakaritea, me te whakawhiwhinga i ngā utu inihua.
Nō nā tata nei i whakaū te Kōti Matua o Hingaiapore, ahakoa kāore i angitu te tono ki te whakakore i tētahi whakataunga whakatau tautohe, ki te ātete rānei i tōna whakatinanatanga, ehara tēnā i te "tūāhua motuhake" e taea ai te tono utu mō ngā utu. [1]
I tukuna e ngā kaiwhakapae he tono kore angitu ki te whakakore i tētahi whakataunga whakatau ā-wāhanga, engari kāore i angitu. I whai ngā kaiwhakapae ki te whakawhirinaki ki te ture taunoa i raro i te ture o Hong Kong, arā, ka tukuna ngā utu utu ina whakahēngia te whakataunga whakatau ā-wā i roto i te kōti, engari kāore e taea te whakaatu i ngā "āhuatanga motuhake". I roto i ā rātou tuku mō ngā utu, i tautohe ngā kaiwhakapae (nāna i angitu i roto i te whakatau ā-wā) kua tukuna e ngā kaiwhakapae he utu nui ki a rātou hei ārai i te wero, e ai ki a rātou he "whakahaerenga koretake" kāore i tika kia kawea mai i te tuatahi. I whakanuia e rātou kua whakaae ngā rōpū ki te whakatau i ā rātou tautohe i roto i te whakatau ā-wā me te whakahonore i tētahi whakataunga i tukuna. I tonoa te Kōti kia whakaarohia mēnā, i te korenga o ngā āhuatanga motuhake, me whakawhiwhi ngā utu utu utu hei mea tika ki tētahi rōpū i tono kore angitu ki te whakakore, ki te ātete rānei i te whakatinanatanga o tētahi whakataunga whakatau ā-wā.
Ngā whakaaro o te Kōti Matua o Hingaiapore
Ko te tono kāore i te tika, ehara i te mea he take tautohetohe e tohu ana i te ngākau kino, i te ngana rānei ki te whakaroa, ki te aukati rānei i te utu.
- mēnā ka kawea te mahi i runga i te ngākau kino, hei tikanga tukino, hei take hē rānei;
- mēnā he whakapae noa iho te mahi, he whakaaro noa iho rānei, kāore rānei he pūtake;
- mēnā he tinihanga, he tukino, he hē rānei te whanonga a tētahi rōpū i roto i ngā whakahaerenga;
- mēnā he maumau moni, he tāruarua rānei te mahi a te kereme, he tukino rānei i te tukanga.
Ko te huarahi tīmatanga rerekē i waenga i a Singapore me Hong Kong
He rerekē ki a Hingaiapore, ka whakamahia e ngā kōti o Hong Kong tētahi ture taunoa, arā, ka tukuna ngā utu mō te utu ina kore e angitu te whakahē i tētahi whakataunga whakatau tautohe i roto i ngā tukanga kōti, ki te kore e taea te whakaatu i ngā "āhuatanga motuhake". He rerekē tēnei huarahi i ngā mahi kōti o mua i Hingaiapore me te maha atu o ngā mana whakahaere ture noa.
E toru ngā mātāpono matua mō te huarahi i whakamahia i Hong Kong. Tuatahi, ko te rōpū e whiwhi ana i tētahi whakataunga hei painga mō rātou i raro i tētahi whakaaetanga whakatau tautohe, me whai mana ki te tumanako ka whakamanahia e te kooti te whakataunga hei mea noa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko ngā tono a te rōpū e hinga ana ki te piira, ki te whakakore rānei i tētahi whakataunga whakatau tautohe, me whakaaro he mea onge. Ki te kore e angitu te tuku a tētahi rōpū i tēnei momo tono, ka whakawhiwhia e te kooti he utu mō te utu, ki te kore he "āhuatanga motuhake". [2]
Tuarua, ko te whakahē i tētahi whakataunga kāore i te tika, kāore e rite ki te kawenga a te rōpū i hinga ki te āwhina i te kōti ki te whakatau tika, whai hua, me te whai hua o tētahi tautohe . Ko tēnei kawenga tētahi o ngā whāinga matua o te Whakahoutanga Tika Tangata i whakaurua ki Hong Kong i te tau 2009.
Tuatoru, me utu e te rōpū hinga te utu katoa o te tono kāore i angitu. Nā te mea kua toa kē te whakatau tautohe, kaua te rōpū toa e utua he utu e puta mai ana i te ngana a te rōpū hinga ki te wero i te whakataunga, nā te mea ka akiaki tēnei i te taenga mai o ngā wero koretake.
He aha ngā mea ka tupu i Aotearoa?
I Aotearoa, ka taea anake te whakatū piira mō te whakataunga whakatau tautohe i runga i te take ture. Ko ngā "ngā āhuatanga" o te wero i te whakataunga whakatau tautohe i runga i te take ture i Aotearoa e kōrerohia ana e Hannah Stanley rāua ko Melissa Perkin i roto i tā rāua tuhinga Limits to Appeals in Arbitral Awards i te putanga 28 o ReSolution . Heoi, ko te huarahi ki ngā utu i Aotearoa ki te piira kore angitu o te whakataunga whakatau tautohe e whakaata ana i te tūranga i Singapore. I whakaūhia tēnei i roto i tētahi whakataunga utu a te Kōti Matua, Napier City Council v H2O , i reira i tonoa ai he whakataunga mō ngā utu kua piki ake (ehara i te utu mō te utu) i muri i te tono a tētahi rōpū mō te whakaaetanga ki te piira i tētahi whakataunga whakatau tautohe. [3]
E ai ki ngā Ture a te Kōti Matua (HCR 14.6), ka taea e te Kōti te whakahau i tētahi rōpū kia utu i ngā utu kua whakapikihia, i ngā utu ārai mate rānei i roto i ētahi āhuatanga. Mō te whakawhiwhinga o ngā utu kua whakapikihia, kei roto i ēnei ko te uauatanga, te wā rānei e pau ana ka nui ake i ngā utu tauine mōrahi ka taea te whakawhiwhi, i te mea rānei kua whai wāhi koretake te rōpū whakahē utu ki te wā, ki te whakapaunga rānei e pau ana. Mō te whakawhiwhinga o ngā utu ārai mate, kei roto i ēnei ko te wā i mahi ai tētahi rōpū i runga i te whakarihariha, i te koretake, i te hē, i te koretake rānei i te tīmatanga, i te haere tonu, i te tiaki rānei i tētahi whakahaerenga, i tētahi taahiraa rānei i roto i tētahi whakahaerenga. Kei te kōti anō hoki tōna mana whakatau mēnā he take kē atu e tika ai te kooti ki te tuku whakahau mō ngā utu kua whakapikihia, ngā utu ārai mate rānei.
I roto i te keehi a te Kaunihera o te Tāone o Napier v H2O , i tono te kaiwhakapae (te toa i te whakataunga) mō ngā utu tauine rōpū/rōpū engari me te pikinga 50 ōrau "nā te tono me ngā tautohe kore e taea te tautoko" i whaihia e te kaiwhakapae. I tautohetia e ia he tika ngā utu kua piki ake nā te mea he "kore tumanako" ngā tautohe a te kaiwhakapae.
I kitea e te Kōti kāore te kaiwhakapae i mahi i tētahi mahi koretake, i whai rānei i tētahi tautohe kāore i whai take. Ahakoa i whakakorehia te tono i te mutunga, ā, i kitea e te Kōti kāore te wero a te kaiwhakapae i whakaara ake i tētahi pātai ture engari he wero ki tētahi whakamāramatanga kino o te whakataunga mō te kaiwhakapae, i kīia kāore ngā tautohe a te kaiwhakapae i te whakawakanga whai take i tutuki i te paepae o te kore take. Kāore hoki he taunakitanga hei whakaatu i te mārama ki te kaiwhakapae he kore rawa āna tautohe e taea te pupuri mai i te tīmatanga o ngā whakahaerenga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mātāpono matua mō te whakataunga utu e tukuna ana e ngā kōti o Aotearoa, ko te whakatau i ngā utu me "matapaetia, ā, me tere hoki". [4] Ko te tūnga i Aotearoa, ko te whakataunga whakatau tautohe ka taea anake te whakahē i runga i tētahi take ture, he paepae uaua tonu. Mena ka whakahē tetahi rōpū i tētahi whakataunga whakatau tautohe, ā, kāore i angitu, tera pea ka āwhina ngā whakataunga a ngā kōti o Hingaiapore ki te whakatau mena ka taea te tono utu whakanui, utu utu rānei. Heoi, ko te kore angitu o te tono ehara i te mea he pūtake tika mō tētahi kereme pēnei.
Ngā Tohutoro
[1] BTN v BTP [2021] SGHC 38 .
[2] Te āhua nei kāore he aratohu mārama mai i ngā kōti o Hong Kong mō ngā take e kiia ana he "āhuatanga motuhake" ā, ka hua ake he rerekētanga mai i te whakatakoto i tētahi ota mō ngā utu utu.
[3] Te Kaunihera o te Tāone o Napier v H2O Management (Napier) Ltd [2020] NZHC 2481.
[4] HCR 14.6(3)(d) e pā ana ki ngā utu kua piki ake me HCR 14.6(4)(f) e pā ana ki ngā utu mō te utu – Te Ture Kōti Matua 2016 me ērā atu mea ōrite i roto i ngā Ture Kōti Takiwā.
