Ko te kawenga i roto i te hara e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taunakitanga o te takahi whaiaro i te kawenga, engari kotahi te mea tino rerekē, ko te kawenga whakakapi. Ko te ture mō te mangere e ahu mai ana i te he; ko te tangata whakapae anake te kawenga mō ngā mahi mangere me ngā hapa a te tangata whakapae. Kāore te ture, i roto i te tikanga noa, e whakatakoto ana i te kawenga whaiaro mō ngā mahi a ētahi atu, ngā mahi kāore rānei e mahia. I roto i ngā āhuatanga motuhake e whakatakotoria ana he kawenga kāore e taea te tuku, ko te whakatutuki i te kawenga te mea kāore e taea te tuku. E ai ki tā Tipping J i roto i a Cashfield House , [1] ka taea te tuku i te mahi o te kawenga, engari kāore e taea te kawenga mō taua mahi.
Ko te kawenga whakakapi i roto i te hara e hiahiatia ana he whanaungatanga i waenganui i te tangata whakapae me te tangata hara, me te hononga i waenganui i taua whanaungatanga me te mahi, te kore rānei a te tangata hara, nō reira he tika kia whai kawenga ture te tangata whakapae ki te kaitono mō ngā hua o te whanonga a te tangata hara.
I roto i te keehi a Woodland , [2] i kite te Kōti kua whānui haere ngā rohe o te kawenga whakakapinga ki te awhi i ngā kaimahi hara ehara nei i te kaimahi a te kaiwhakapae, engari kei roto i te whanaungatanga e rite ana ki te mahi. Kāore anō kia whānui haere ngā rohe ki te whakauru i ngā kaimahi kirimana motuhake. Ko te kawenga whakakapinga e herea ana e te hiahia ki te kimi i tētahi whanaungatanga mua i waenganui i te kaimahi hara tuatahi me te kaiwhakapae. He rerekē, ko te whakatakoto i tētahi kawenga kāore e taea te tuku atu e aro ana ki te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te kaiwhakapae me te patunga o te hara. [3]
Kua tirohia anō e ngā kōti o Ingarangi te take o te herenga ā-ringa e pā ana ki ngā kaimahi kirimana i roto i te keehi Hughes v Rattan [2022] EWCA Civ 107.
I whakaratohia e te Kōti Pīra ētahi kōrero āwhina mō te matenga mō te wāhanga tuatahi o te whakamātautau mō te nama whakakapi, arā, ko te whakaritenga kia noho te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tangata hara me te tangata whakapae hei whanaungatanga tūturu i waenga i te kaitukumahi/kaimahi, hei whanaungatanga ōrite rānei ki taua momo whanaungatanga.
I te mutunga, i whakatau te Kōti Pīra he hara te tangata whakapae. Ahakoa kāore he kawenga whakakapi, i reira he kawenga kāore e taea te tuku atu, ā, nā te takahi i taua kawenga i whai kawenga te tangata whakapae mō ngā mahi a ngā kaimahi kirimana.
Papamuri
I kī te kaitono i whiwhi ia i te maimoatanga niho mangere mai i ētahi tākuta niho e toru i ngā wā rerekē i waenga i Ākuhata 2009 me Tīhema 2015. Ko Tākuta Rattan (te kaiwhakapae) te rangatira me te kaiwhakahaere o te mahi niho i haere ai te kaitono.
Kāore te kaiwhakapae i rongoatia te kaitono, engari e toru ngā tākuta niho āwhina. I whakaritea ngā tākuta niho āwhina mā roto i ngā whakaaetanga hoa mahi i runga i te kirimana paerewa a te British Dental Association. Ko rātou te kawenga mō te paerewa o ā rātou mahi, ko rātou anō te kaipupuri i te inihua mō ngā kereme mangere, ā, ko rātou anō te kawenga mō ā rātou ake taake, me ētahi atu mea anō.
I whakatau te Kōti Matua mēnā he kawenga tā te tangata whakapae mō ngā mahi, ngā hapa rānei a ngā hoa mahi nā te mea he kawenga tiaki kāore e taea te tuku atu, he kawenga whakakapi rānei. I kitea e te Kōti Matua kei reira ngā kawenga whakakapi me ngā kawenga kāore e taea te tuku atu. Nō reira, ka taea te tuku kereme mā roto i tētahi o ēnei tikanga.
I piiratia taua whakataunga ki te Kōti Pīra.
Te kawenga tiaki kāore e taea te tuku
E whakaatu ana te kēhi he rerekē, he motuhake hoki ngā whakamātautau mō te mahi tiaki kāore e taea te tuku atu me te nama whakakapi.
Ko te mahi tiaki kāore e taea te tuku atu he take e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaitono me te kaiwhakapae me te mana whakahaere a te kaiwhakapae ki te kaitono. Ehara i te mea he take mana whakahaere mō te rōpū e mahi ana i te mahi. Ka taea te noho tonu he mahi tiaki kāore e taea te tuku atu ahakoa kāore te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaiwhakapae me te kaimahi kirimana motuhake e mahi ana i te mahi e rite ana ki te mahi hei ara ake i te nama whakakapi.
I te tātaritanga i ngā meka, i whakaae te Kōti Pīra me te Kōti Matua he kawenga kāore e taea te tuku atu. Nō reira, ka taea te kereme ki te tangata whakapae.
Te kitenga o te kawenga whakakapi
I taea e te Kōti Pīra te waiho i reira; heoi, i haere tonu ki te whakatau mēnā he kawenga ā-waha anō hoki te tangata whakapae mō ngā mahi a ngā hoa mahi. I roto i tēnei, he rerekē te Kōti Pīra i te Kōti Matua.
I tautohe te kaiwhakapae i hē te Kōti Matua i roto i te ture i tana whakatau he kawenga whakakapi kei te wātea. I tautohe rātou kāore i whakaarohia e ia ngā āhuatanga maha e rite ana ki te noho motuhake o ngā hoa mahi i te wā e whakatau ana mēnā he rite te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te kaiwhakapae me ngā hoa mahi ki te mahi.
I whakaarohia te whakataunga a te Kōti Matua i roto i te keehi Barclays Bank Plc v Various Claimants [2020] UKSC 13. I roto i te keehi Barclays Bank , ko te take i puta ko te kawenga ā-waha o te peeke mō ngā mahi whakaeke moepuku a tētahi tākuta kua mate. He tākuta ia me tētahi mahi putea . Ko te tikanga o tēnā ko te mahi hei kaimahi i ngā hōhipera NHS o te rohe, te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau hauora mō ngā kaupapa hekenga, te mahi mā ngā kamupene inihua, he kamupene maina me te poari kāwanatanga, me te whakahaere i ngā aromatawai hauora me ngā whakamātautau i ngā kaimahi, i ngā kaimahi pea rānei o te peeke. Kāore te peeke i whakamahi i te tākuta engari i utua he utu mō ia pūrongo.
I kitea e te Kōti Matua kāore te peeke i te whai kawenga ā-waha. Ko te pātai nui ko te tika o te whakaahua i te whanaungatanga ki te tangata whakapae he rite ki te mahi, me te arotahi ki te whanaungatanga kirimana i waenga i ngā rōpū, ā, me taurite ngātahi ngā āhuatanga tautoko me ngā āhuatanga whakahē o te whanaungatanga, he rite ki te mahi.
I roto i te tono a te Barclays Bank, i kitea e te Kōti Pīra ko ngā āhuatanga mō te whanaungatanga ko:
- te mea i whakahaere te mahi i ngā hāora whakatuwheratanga o ngā wāhi me ngā taputapu o te mahi;
- he kawenga tā te mahi ki te whakarato ratonga NHS kirimana mā roto i ngā tākuta niho; ā
- i raro i te kirimana, i herea ngā tākuta niho ki te whai i ngā kaupapa here me ngā tikanga o te mahi (engari i kitea kāore ēnei kaupapa here me ngā tikanga e whai mana whakahaere nui ana i ngā tākuta niho).
Ko ngā āhuatanga i pā ki te whanaungatanga ko:
- kāore i te hiahiatia kia noho motuhake ngā tākuta niho ki te mahi, kia mahi rānei i ngā hāora iti rawa; i wātea rātou ki te mahi i te iti rawa o tā rātou e hiahia ana – i ētahi atu mahi rānei, kāore he mana o te tangata whakapae ki te whakahaere i te maimoatanga e whakaratohia ana;
- ko rātou te kawenga mō ā rātou ake utu tāke;
- i tohaina e rātou te nama mō ngā nama kino;
- me whakarite e rātou ā rātou ake whakaritenga utu mō te mate; ā,
- ko rātou anō i utu mō ō rātou ake kākahu ngaio me te whanaketanga ngaio.
I te paunatia o ēnei āhuatanga whakataetae, i kitea e te Kōti Pīra kāore i tutuki te whakamātautau. I tino pāngia te Kōti e te mana motuhake o ngā tākuta niho i te mahi. Nō reira, i whakatauhia kāore te whanaungatanga i rite ki te mahi, nō reira kāore he kawenga whakakapi.
Tātaritanga
Kua tangohia e te whakataunga mō te nama whakakapi te huarahi whakaaro noa i tangohia e te Kōti Hupirimi i roto i te keehi a Barclays Bank , arā, he kirimana motuhake te kaikirimana motuhake. Arā, kia taea ai te whai kawenga whakakapi mō ngā mahi a tētahi atu i roto i tēnei horopaki, he whakaritenga mārama kia noho te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaihara me te kaiwhakapae hei whanaungatanga tūturu o te kaitukumahi/kaimahi, he whanaungatanga rite rānei ki taua whanaungatanga.
Nō reira, ka manaakitia te whakataunga e ngā pakihi e whakamahi ana i ngā kaimahi kirimana motuhake.
Heoi anō, me mārama tonu ngā pakihi ki te take o ā rātou mahi kāore e taea te tuku atu. Hei tauira, i Aotearoa, kua whakatau ngā kōti kei roto ngā mahi kāore e taea te tuku atu i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te hanganga o ngā whare, ngā whare noho, ngā wāhanga rānei i roto i ngā whanaketanga taitara wāhanga. [4] Ahakoa kāore pea tētahi rōpū e whai kawenga mō ngā mahi a tētahi atu kaiwhakatū motuhake, ka whai kawenga tonu pea rātou mēnā he kawenga tiaki kāore e taea te tuku atu ki tētahi atu rōpū.
Whakamutunga
Mō ngā tau maha, kua whakamāramahia e ngā Kōti o Ingarangi te whānuitanga o te kawenga a ngā kaitukumahi mā roto i te kawenga ā-ringa. Tērā pea kua hoki whakamuri te kawenga whānui e pā ana ki tētahi kaimahi kirimana, e kitea ana i roto i te take Rattan , he mea pai tēnei ki te tini. Heoi anō, me tūpato, inā koa mēnā ka honoa te kawenga tiaki ki tētahi kawenga kāore e taea te tuku atu, ā, ka noho tonu hei huarahi mō ngā kereme pea.
Ngā Tohutoro
[1] Cashfield House v D & H Sinclair Limited [1995] 1NZLR 452 (HC).
[2] Woodland v Essex County Council [2013] UKSC 66, [2014] AC 537.
[3] Te Kawenga Tiaki a te Kaihanga Whare – Āhea me pā ki ngā Kaiwhakahaere me ngā Kaimahi o ngā Kamupene e whai wāhi ana ki te Hanga Whare Hapa ? Grant Brittain (2017).
[4] Te Kaunihera o te Rohe o Mt Albert v Johnson [1979] 2 NZLR 234 (CA); Morton v Douglas Homes Ltd [1984] 2 NZLR 548 i te 591 /17–593/1; Te Rōpū Whakahaere 188529 v Te Kaunihera o te Tāone o Te Tai Tokerau [2008] 3 NZLR 479 (HC); Te Rōpū Whakahaere 185960 v Te Kaunihera o te Tāone o Te Tai Tokerau HC Auckland CIV-2006-404-3535, 22 Hakihea 2008; Te Rōpū Whakahaere 183523 v Tony Tay & Associates Ltd HC Auckland CIV-2004-404-4824, 30 Maehe 2009; Body Corporate 191608 v North Shore City Council HC Auckland CIV-2008-404-002358, 19 Pēpuere 2009 (i roto i tēnei take, ko te kaiwhakawhanake anō hoki te kaihoahoa me te kaihanga, ā, nō reira, he kawenga tiaki tāna ki ngā rangatira o ngā wāhanga); Keven Investments Ltd v Montgomery [2012] NZHC 1596; me Body Corporate 346799 v KNZ International Co Ltd [2017] NZHC 511.
