He aha ngā pupuri?
He mea tino noa ngā rarangi pupuri i roto i ngā kirimana hanga. Koinei te wā e pupuri ana te kaiwhakatū matua i tētahi ōrau o te uara o tētahi kirimana hanga (te nuinga o te wā 5–10%) hei momo haumarutanga mahi tae noa ki te otinga o ngā mahi kei te toe, o ngā whakatikatika hapa rānei.
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā taputapu pupuri taonga i roto i ngā mahi hanga puta noa i te UK, Ahitereiria, Aotearoa, Kanata me te US, engari he rerekē ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga e whakahaere ana i tēnei mahi i ia whenua.
Te raruraru ki te pupuri
Kia oti te kaupapa, he uaua pea te whakahoki mai i tētahi kaimahi kirimana pukumahi ki te papa mahi hei whakatika i ngā hapa. Nō reira, i tētahi taha, he huarahi pai ngā pupuri kaimahi hei whakarite kia oti te mahi a ngā kaimahi kirimana i te wā tika me te paerewa, ā, kia tere ai te whakatika i ngā hapa kia utua ai rātou. Ka whakaratohia hoki he tiaki mō ngā tumuaki me ngā kaimahi kirimana matua mēnā ka kore e taea e te kaimahi kirimana te utu i mua i te otinga o te mahi, o te whakatikatika hapa rānei.
Ahakoa ka taea e ngā pupuri moni te whakatenatena i te whai huatanga me te whakatika i ngā hapa i te wā tika, he nui hoki ngā pānga kino. Mō ngā pakihi iti he iti nei te mana whiriwhiri, ā, kāore he mana whakahaere mō ā rātou utu i puritia, ka puta he raruraru rere moni nā ngā pupuri moni, ā, ka kore e tino mārama, ka pōuri, ka tūwhera hoki ki te tukino.
He nui te moni e puritia ana, ā, he mea noa te tomuri, te kore rānei e utua, ā, he mea whakararu hoki mō ngā pakihi iti. He mea nui, me pēhea te tiaki i ngā kaimahi kirimana mai i te ngaronga o ngā utu i puritia mēnā ka pakaru te rōpū pupuri, te kamupene rānei kei runga ake i te mekameka tuku?
He aha ngā ture i te UK?
I te UK, kua neke atu i te 50 tau tae noa mai ki tēnei wā kua puta ngā karanga kia whakakorea, kia whakahoutia rānei te whakamahinga o ngā pupuri moni. Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā ahunga whakamua kua puta, ā, kei te noho tonu te nuinga o te mahi kāore i raro i ngā ture.
Te kore o ngā ture whakahaere
Kāore he whakaritenga ture i tēnei wā hei ārai i ngā moni pupuri kua puritia. Ka taea te whakakotahi i te moni pupuri me ētahi atu moni, ā, kāore he aukati i te whakamahinga hei pūtea mahi.
Kua whakahēngia te mahi pupuri moni kore-tiaki a te UK, he mahi kāore i te whakahaeretia, hei hanga i tētahi ahumahi e tautoko ana ngā pakihi iti i ngā tumuaki me ngā kaiwhakatū matua ki ngā nama kore-pūtea, kore-huamoni, ā, ko rātou tonu te kawenga mō ngā mōrearea katoa.
Ngā huringa o te Ture Hanga i te tau 2011
I te tau 2011, i whakatikatikaina te Ture Tahua Whare, Hanga me te Whakaora Hou o te tau 1996 kia kore ai e whakawhirinaki te tukunga o ngā utu pupuri ki te whakatutukitanga o ngā herenga, ki te utu rānei i raro i tētahi atu kirimana. Ko te whāinga o ēnei huringa he ārai i ngā kaimahi kirimana iti kei raro iho i te mekameka tuku mai i te tatari kia tukuna ngā utu ki runga ake i te mekameka.
Heoi, i kitea i roto i ngā rangahau i mahia i te tau 2017 , ahakoa te aukati ture, kei te horapa tonu tēnei momo whakaroa koretake. E kīia ana tēnei nā te kore mōhio ki ngā ture hou, me te mataku o ngā kaimahi kirimana kei kino ngā whanaungatanga me te whakararu i ngā mahi a meake nei.
I tukuna te pūrongo rangahau hei wāhanga o te arotake me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te Kāwanatanga mō ngā utu pupuri . I whakatau ko te whakatau me rangahau anō te whaihua o ngā mahi rerekē.
Ngā huarahi kē atu ki te pupuri moni
Ko ngā kōwhiringa mō te whakahounga ko te whakamahi i ētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i ngā pupuri moni kāore i tiakina, te tiaki rānei, te ārai rānei i ngā moni i puritia kia kore ai e whakamahia hei whakapaipai mahi, kia ngaro pea rānei i te korenga o te pūtea.
Ko ētahi atu tikanga ko te whakamahi i ngā pūkete peeke kaupapa, ngā here pupuri, ngā here mahi, ngā kaupapa here inihua, te pupuri rānei i te moni i runga i te whakawhirinakitanga.
I kitea i roto i te pūrongo rangahau o te tau 2017 kāore i te nui te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga rerekē i te UK. E whakatau tonu ana ngā tumuaki me ngā kaiwhakatū matua i ngā pupuri mahi hei momo ārai tino whai hua mō te mahi me ngā hapa, ā, e kite ana rātou i te utu o te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē hei arai.
Ngā nganatanga kore angitu ki te whakahou i ngā ture
I te tau 2018, ka hinga te kamupene hanga nui o te UK, a Carillion, ā, neke atu i te £800 miriona te moni kāore anō kia utua ki ngā kaimahi kirimana.
Nā tēnei i akiaki a Lord Aldous ki te whakauru i tētahi tauira Pire Hanga (Kaupapa Pupuri Moni) . Me i paahitia, kua hiahiatia kia utua ngā utu pupuri ki roto i tētahi kaupapa putunga ture e rite ana ki te kaupapa mō ngā putunga riihi. Heoi, kāore te Pire i ahu whakamua i roto i te Paremata i mua i te mutunga o te nohoanga Paremata.
I te marama o Oketopa 2021, i haere tonu a Lord Aberdare mā te whakauru i tētahi tauira Pire Hanga (Whakakore Pupuri) . Me i paahitia, kua whakatikatikaina te Ture Hanga o te UK hei aukati i te whakamahinga o ngā pupuri, ā, kua hiahiatia he nekehanga ki ētahi atu huarahi pēnei i ngā here pupuri. I kī a Lord Aberdare:
Kāore anō te kāwanatanga kia whakatau i tētahi huarahi ture hei whakatika i ngā pupuri kaimahi, me te kī kei te tatari rātou kia puta he whakaae tahi a te umanga, he mea kāore pea e puta pērā i a Godot.
Heoi anō, kāore i ahu whakamua taua Pire tauira, ā, kua mutu ngā mahi whakahou ture.
Te Pūrongo mō ngā Tikanga Utu me ngā Ture Mahi 2017
I roto i tētahi whanaketanga tata nei, i te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2023, i kī te kāwanatanga o te UK ka whakawhānuihia, ka whakatikatikaina hoki te Pūrongo mō ngā Tikanga Utu me ngā Ture Mahi 2017 hei whakauru i te pūrongo ā-ture mō ngā tikanga pupuri utu i roto i te rāngai hanga. Ka pā noa ngā herenga pūrongo ki ngā kamupene nui.
Ko ēnei whakatikatika he wāhanga o te Arotake Utu Tere me te Rere Moni a te kāwanatanga – he kaupapa whānui hei tautoko i ngā pakihi iti me te whakapai ake i te ahurea o te tomuri me te kore utu i ngā nama puta noa i ngā rāngai katoa.
I arahina e te umanga o te UK ngā mahi whakahou
Te Kaunihera Ārahi Hanga
Ko te whāinga a te Kaunihera Kaiārahi Hanga ( CLC ) kia whakamutua te pupuri kaimahi hou i te tau 2025, ā, kei te mahi tahi me ētahi atu whakahaere ahumahi kia tutuki ai tēnei.
I te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2022, i whakaputa te CLC me te NEC i ngā aratohu mō ngā huarahi rerekē ki te tuhi kirimana hanga hei karo i te hiahia mō ngā rarangi pupuri. Kāore i roto i te huinga tuhinga hanga a te NEC ngā pupuri i roto i āna rarangi paerewa, ahakoa he rarangi pupuri kōwhiringa. I ngā wā e whakamahia ana ngā pupuri, he rarangi kōwhiringa hei tiaki i a rātou mā te whakamahi i ngā pūkete peeke kaupapa.
I te marama o Oketopa 2023, i pānuitia e te CLC tētahi kaupapa whakamātautau hei whakakore i te ahurea pupuri kaimahi mā te aro atu ki te pūtake tūturu o te raruraru – te ahurea huna o ngā mahi hapa. Ka kohia e te CLC ngā raraunga mō ngā hapa mai i ngā tiwhikete otinga i roto i ngā kaupapa tūturu, ngā take i puta ai aua hapa, me pēhea te karo. Ko te whāinga he whakawhanake i ngā otinga roa hei whakapai ake i ngā paerewa me te ārai me te whakakore i ngā hapa ā muri ake nei kia kore ai e hiahiatia ngā pupuri kaimahi.
Hanga UK
Kei te whakapau kaha hoki te rōpū ahumahi, a Build UK, ki te whakatutuki i te korenga o ngā pupuri mahi i te tau 2025. Kua whakawhanakehia, kua whakaputaina hoki e ia ngā paerewa pupuri mahi iti rawa mō ōna mema, me te tuhi aratohu mō te whakatikatika i ngā kirimana JCT me NEC hei whakatinana i aua mea. I raro i ēnei paerewa iti rawa, ka taea te pupuri i ngā pupuri mahi mai i ngā mahi tuturu anake, hei pūtāhui mō ngā hapa anake, ā, ka tangohia i te mutunga o ngā mahi anake - ehara i te mea mai i ngā utu wā poto mai i te tīmatanga.
I te marama o Ākuhata 2021, i whakaputa a Build UK i tētahi Mahere Ara ki te Kore Pupuri Moni e whakaatu ana me pēhea te whakakore i ngā pupuri moni i mua i te tau 2025. Ka kohia, ka whakaputaina hoki e ia ngā mōhiohio e āhei ai ngā pakihi iti ki te whai whakaaro mō ngā pupuri moni me ngā tikanga utu a ngā kamupene i mua i te whakatau ki te mahi pakihi me rātou.
Me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā pupuri taonga i Aotearoa?
I Aotearoa, e whakaaetia ana te whakamahinga o ngā moni pupuri, engari e whakahaeretia ana e te pūnaha ture o te Construction Contracts Act 2002 (Wahanga Iti 2A - Retention Money ). Ka herea ngā moni pupuri mā te pupuri i runga i te whakawhirinakitanga. Me tutuki hoki e te rōpū e pupuri ana i te moni ngā whakaritenga kaute, whakaaturanga me te pūrongo a te pūnaha, ā, he whiu kei reira mō te kore e tutuki.
Te pūnaha pupuri tuatahi o Aotearoa
I te tau 2017 i whakatinanahia ai te pūnaha pupuri taonga o Aotearoa, whai muri i te hinganga o te kamupene hanga nui a Mainzeal. Pērā i a Carillion i te UK, i hua ake i te hinganga he nui ngā mate o ngā utu pupuri taonga mō ngā kaimahi kirimana.
I raro i te tikanga, ka puritia te moni pupuri i runga i te whakawhirinakitanga hei ārai i te moni mō te kaimahi kirimana, me te aukati i te whakamahinga hei pūtea mahi. Ka taea anake te whakamahi i te moni hei whakatika i ngā hapa. Ka pā te tikanga ki ngā pupuri i roto i ngā kirimana hanga arumoni katoa, ki te kore he taputapu kē atu e whakamahia ana (pēnei i te here, te taurangi, te kaupapa here inihua rānei).
Kua puta ngā hapa o te pūnaha pupuri moni hou o Aotearoa
Heoi, i puta ngā raruraru ki te tuhi me te whakahaere i te pūnaha pupuri moni ā-ture i whakararu i tōna kaupapa i whakaritea. I kitea kei te mōrearea tonu te moni pupuri ina kore e taea te pupuri moni e te rōpū e pupuri ana, ina whakakotahi rānei i aua moni ki āna moni kē atu.
Te whakaranu me te kore o te māramatanga
Hei whakaiti i ngā utu tutuki i ngā ture, kāore te ture i whakahau kia puritia te moni pupuri ki tētahi pūkete peeke motuhake, ā, kāore hoki i aukati i te whakaranu ki ētahi atu moni. Kāore hoki te moni i hiahiatia kia puritia hei moni.
Kāore hoki i te mārama te āhua, nā te mea kāore i hiahiatia te rōpū i pupuri i te moni pupuri ki te whakarato i ngā kōrero ki te kaimahi kirimana mō te moni pupuri, ki te kore te kaimahi kirimana i tono motuhake.
Kāore he whakawhirinakitanga aunoa e kiia ana
Te pūnaha pupuri moni kua whakatikatikaina o Aotearoa
Te waihanga aunoa i tētahi whakawhirinakitanga
I whakahoutia te ture kia puritia aunoatia ai te moni pupuri i runga i te whakawhirinakitanga e te rōpū e pupuri ana. Ka tīmata te hanganga o tētahi whakawhirinakitanga i te wā ka huri te moni hei moni pupuri i raro i ngā tikanga o te kirimana.
Mena kei te hiahia te rōpū e pupuri ana i te moni pupuri ki te whakamahi hei whakatika i ngā hapa, me whakamōhio wawe atu ki te kaituku kirimana i ngā rā 10 i mua.
Kāore he whakaranu, he māramatanga hou
Me wehe kē te moni pupuri i ngā moni kē atu a te kaipupuri pupuri i roto i tētahi pūkete peeke motuhake (mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi taputapu pūtea pēnei i te inihua, i te taurangi/here rānei).
Me pupuri tonu ngā pukapuka kaute mārama, ā, me ripoata te rōpū e pupuri ana i te moni ki te kaituku kirimana i muri i te hurihanga o te moni hei moni pupuri, ā, i te iti rawa i ia toru marama i muri mai.
Ngā hara me ngā whiu mō te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga
I whakaurua mai hoki ngā whiu mō te kore e tutuki i ngā ture i roto i ngā whakatikatika. He whiu tāpiri mō ia takahi i ngā ture, tae atu ki ngā whiu mō te kore e pupuri i te moni pupuri e ai ki ngā whakaritenga, te kore e pupuri i ngā tuhinga kaute, te kore rānei e whakarato pūrongo auau. Ka taea hoki te whakatau i ngā kaiwhakahaere kamupene kia whai kawenga whaiaro, kia whainatia hoki.
Whakamutunga
Nā, me pēhea te whakaoti rapanga pēnei i te pupuri moni? Kua whiriwhiria e Aotearoa te whakahaere i aua mea mā te waihanga i ngā whakawhirinakitanga ture aunoa hei ārai i te pupuri moni. Engari ko ngā raruraru tuatahi o te ture hou e whakaatu ana ehara i te mea ngāwari te waihanga i tētahi tikanga pupuri moni e tino whai hua ana.
I tētahi atu taha, te āhua nei kāore te paremata o te UK e whai ana i tētahi huarahi wawao iti iho, me te tumanako ka memeha haere te whakamahinga o ngā pupuri raraunga i runga i ngā mahi a te ahumahi. Ahakoa he whanaketanga pai te whakaurunga o te pūrongo ā-ture mō ngā pupuri raraunga, ehara i te mea koinei te whakahoutanga nui e karangahia ana e te tini o te umanga. E ai ki te kōrero a Lord Aberdare, ko te tatari kia huri te ahurea pupuri raraunga o te UK he rite ki te tatari ki a Godot.
Ngā Tohutoro
[1] Bennett v Ebert Construction Limited (i roto i te whakawhiwhinga me te whakakorenga) [2018] NZHC 2934 i [62]–[63].
[2] Mō ngā taipitopito katoa o ēnei panonitanga hou, tirohia tā mātou tuhinga e pā ana ki te Paremata e whakamana ana i ngā whakatikatika whānui ki te pūnaha utu hangahanga .
