Papamuri
I te tau 2015, i uru atu a Sam Pemberton Civil Limited ( SPC ) ki tētahi kirimana hanga (te Kirimana ) me Lansdale Development Limited ( Landsdale ). E rua ngā wāhanga o te kaupapa, ko te tuatahi ko ngā mahi oneone, ko te tuarua ko ngā mahi ā-iwi.
Nā te Rārangi 10.5 o te Kirimana i āhei ai a Landsdale ki te tono utu mō ngā utunga moni mai i te SPC mēnā ka tomuri te otinga o ngā mahi. I whakaritea hoki e te Kirimana mēnā ka puta he rārangi o ngā mahi kua tohua, ka taea e te miihini te tuku i tētahi whakaroa wā mō te otinga o ngā mahi.
I whakaroahia te mahi, ā, i te tukunga a SPC i tētahi kereme utu whakamutunga, ka tukuna e te miihini tētahi rārangi utu ahunga whakamua kei roto ko te tangohanga a Lansdale i ngā utu mō ngā kino kua oti te whakarite.
I te marama o Oketopa 2022, ka tīmata a SPC i ngā tukanga whakatau e rapu ana ki te arotake i te whakatau a te miihini mō te moni e tika ana kia utua ki a SPC. I tono a Landsdale kia whakaarohia e te kaiwhakawa tana kereme mō ngā utunga kua oti te whakakore. Hei wāhanga o taua whakatau, i kitea e te kaiwhakawa he tika a Landsdale ki te whakakore i te utunga i roto i te ahua o ngā utunga kua oti te whakakore, arā, $1.09 miriona.
I te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2023, ka tīmata a Landsdale i āna ake tukanga whakatau hei whakahoki mai i ngā utu kua whakakorea. I tangohia e te kaiwhakawā tuarua te nuinga o ngā kitenga a te kaiwhakawā tuatahi, me te tautoko i te kereme a Landsdale mō ngā utu kua whakakorea.
Kātahi ka tono te SPC kia arotakehia e te Kōti Matua ngā whakataunga e rua. Mēnā ka angitu te tono, ka aromatawaihia ngā take matua e rua:
- mēnā i aukatia te kereme a Landsdale ki ngā LD i te wā, nā te mea kua tīmata tana kereme neke atu i te ono tau i muri i te rā i oti ai; ā,
- mēnā i rahua e ngā kaiwhakawā te whakamahi i te paepae tika mō ngā utu i roto i ngā kereme i raro i te CCA.
Ka arotakehia e Kaiwhakawā Whata ngā whakataunga a te whakawa
Whakataunga 1
Nā Mr Stuart Robertson i whakatau te whakataunga tuatahi. I kitea e ia ko SPC te nuinga o te kawenga mō ngā whakaroa o te otinga o te kaupapa, kāore a SPC i whakatū i ngā take mō ngā rerekētanga rerekē, ā, he wāhanga noa iho o ngā kereme a SPC mō ngā whakaroa o te rangi ua. Ko te mutunga iho he whakahekenga nui o te maha o ngā rā i whakaroahia ai te wā i whakawhiwhia e te miihini i roto i te rārangi utu whakamutunga, he rā tika kua whakatikatikaina mō te otinga, ā, kua whakakorea katoatia ngā utu e pā ana ki te wā i whakawhiwhia e te miihini. I kitea e Mr Robertson ko SPC te kawenga ki a Landsdale mō ngā utu kino kua oti te whakarite o te $1.09 miriona, ā, he tika ki a ia te whakakore i taua moni ki ngā moni e utua ana e Landsdale ki a SPC i raro i te kirimana hanga e puta mai ana i te whakataunga.
I whai a Landsdale ki te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga o te tautohe i kōrerotia mō te whakataunga a te SPC kia uru atu ai tana kereme mō ngā utu kua whakaea (kaua e tīmata i tana ake kereme whakataunga mō te whakahokinga mai o taua moni). I whakakahore a SPC ki te whakawhānui i te mana whakahaere mā te whakaae. I kitea e Mr Roberson kāore e taea te whakamahi i te wāhanga 38 o te CCA hei whakawhānui i te mana whakahaere hei whakauru i tētahi tautohe hou e ai ki tā Landsdale i rapu ai. Engari, i pupuri ia ko te wāhanga 38(1)(b) e herea ana ki ngā take whai muri, ngā take tāpiri rānei e pā ana ki te tautohe e ai ki tā rātou i kōrerotia. I tana whakatau i tēnei kitenga, i kite ia ka taea e Landsdale te whakaara i tana kereme mō ngā utu kua whakaea hei whakakore i roto i te whakataunga o nāianei.
I te wā i kōrero ai a Mr Robertson mō te take o ngā utu, i tukuna e ia ngā whakahau (i raro i ngā wāhanga 56(1)(b) me 57(4)(a) o te CCA) mō te $200,000 hei painga mō Landsdale.
Whakataunga 2
I haere tonu a Landsdale ki te whakatakoto i tana ake whakataunga i runga i te kitenga i utua e ia he $1.09 miriona mō ngā utunga moni kua oti te whakarite. Nā Mr Graeme Christie i whakatau te whakataunga tuarua. Hei wāhanga o te whakataunga, i whakatau a Mr Christie ko te "mahi, te kore rānei" e tika ana mō te kaupapa o te wāhanga 11 o te Ture Whakawhāiti 2010 ko te rā o te whakataunga tuatahi, i te huarahi kē atu rānei, mai i te wāhanga kaute whakamutunga.
Me arotake rānei ngā whakataunga e te ture?
- Kāore te arotake ā-ture e herea noa ki ngā wā i puta ai he hapa ā-ture; [2] ā
- Ko te rōpū kāore e whakaae ki te whakataunga a te kaiwhakawā, me tautohe, me whakatau rānei i te tautohe matua, kaua e rapu arotake ture hei whiwhi awhina. [3] Ko te CCA e titiro ana ki te whakarato awhina wā poto me te whakatau i ngā raruraru rere moni i te wā e mahi ana ngā rōpū i roto i ētahi atu tikanga whakatau tautohe whaimana ake. Koinei te pūtake o te kaupapa "utu inaianei, tautohe ā muri ake" a te CCA.
- i he i roto i te ture;
- i whai whakaaro ki ngā whakaaro kāore e pā ana ki tēnei;
- kāore i aro ki ngā whakaaro e tika ana; ā,
- i mahi i te koretake, i te kore tika rānei.
Ngā tautohetohe utu
I tēnei kēhi, i ngana noa a SPC ki te tautohe i whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakawa te whakamātautau paepae ture hē mō ngā utu.
Heoi, i kitea e te Kōti kua whakaratohia e Mr Robertson ngā take taipitopito mō te whakawhiwhinga utu. [4] I roto i te whakataunga i whakahuatia ngā whakaritenga paepae me ngā mana whakahaere e tika ana. I kitea anō hoki e Mr Robertson ngā kitenga mō ngā take e tika ana. I whakaratohia e ēnei he pūtake nui mō te whakatau kāore i te whai take nui te kereme whānui a SPC. Ko ngā kitenga e pā ana ki:
- ngā painga nui o ngā whakapae e pā ana ki ngā kereme whakaroa i te wā;
- te mōhiotanga o te SPC mō ngā take o te kēhi;
- te korenga o te whakapainga o ana kereme;
- te nui o ngā rauemi kei roto i tana whakautu, he rerekē ki te nui o ngā rauemi kei roto i tana kereme; ā,
- te kounga me te rahinga o ngā taunakitanga a te SPC, tae atu ki te aromatawai i ngā taunakitanga i tukuna mai e āna kaiwhakaatu.
I kitea anō e te Kaiwhakawā Whata ko te whakataunga a Mr Christie i pā ki ngā paearu e tika ana mō ngā utu me ngā mana whakahaere e tika ana. I tika te tautuhi a Mr Christie me aromatawai ia mēnā he koretake ngā whakapae a SPC.
I te mutunga, i kitea e Kaiwhakawā Whata kāore tetahi o ngā whakataunga i roto i tētahi mea e tika ai te arotake a te ture.
Ture Whakawhāiti 2010
Ahakoa i whakakahoretia e Kaiwhakawā Whata te tono mō te arotake whakawā i runga i ngā take tūturu, arā, e pā ana ki te herenga me ngā utu, i whai wāhi tonu ia ki te whakamārama i tōna tūnga e pā ana ki te take herenga.
E ai ki te Wāhanga 11 o te Ture Whakawhāiti 1950, he parenga tēnei ki tētahi kereme moni mēnā ka whakaatu te kaiwhakapae ko te rā i tukuna ai te kereme he ono tau pea i muri i te rā o te mahi, te kore rānei i whakaaetia i ahu mai ai te kereme. I te whakataunga tuarua, i whakatau a Mr Christie ko te "mahi, te kore rānei i whakaaetia" mō te kaupapa o te Ture Whakawhāiti ko te rā o te whakataunga tuatahi, te wāhanga kaute whakamutunga rānei. I tautohe a SPC he hapa ture tēnei. [5]
Kāore a Kaiwhakawā Whata i whakaae nā te mea i whakamahia e Mr Christie te whakamātautau hē mō te aromatawai i te rā e tika ana mō te Wā Here. He mea nui ki te aromatawai a Kaiwhakawā Whata ngā huringa i mahia ki ngā kupu o te Ture 2010, he rerekē ki te Ture Here 1950. [6] E pā ana te Ture 1950 ki "te rā i puta ai te take o te mahi" engari e pā ana te Ture 2010 ki "te rā o te mahi, o te kore rānei i mahia i ahu mai ai te kereme".
Ngā kereme whakahē
I roto i te A Guide to the Construction Contracts Act, i kī a Geoff Bayley rāua ko Tómas Kennedy-Grant:
Ehara te whakautu whakatau i te whai wāhi mō te kaiwhakautu ki te tuku kereme whakahoki kāore hoki e ara ake he whakataunga. Mēnā ka tukuna he kereme whakahoki pēnei, me tuku e te kaiwhakautu he pānui whakatau motuhake, ā, me whakarite kia whakatūria he kaiwhakawa hei whakatau i taua tautohe. Mēnā ka whakatūria te kaiwhakawa kotahi ki ngā whakatau e rua, tera pea ka taea e ngā rōpū o ngā whakatau e rua te whakaae kia whakatau ia i ngā tukanga i te wā kotahi.
I tautokona tēnei tirohanga e Peter Degerholm i roto i te pukapuka CCA Handbook: Making the Construction Contracts Act work , arā:
Ka taea e te kaiwhakautu te whakaara ake i ngā take i roto i te whakautu whakatau, ā, ki te whakaaetia e te kaiwhakatau, ka taea te whakakore, te whakakore rānei i te kereme a te kaitono. Ko te kaiwhakautu e hiahia ana ki te whai i tētahi take motuhake kāore i roto i te tautohe kua whakarārangihia i roto i te pānui whakatau, me whakaaro pea ki te take hei kereme whakahoki, he tautohe motuhake anō hoki.
Whakamutunga
Ngā Tohutoro
[1] Sam Pemberton Civil Ltd v Robertson [2024] NZHC 272.
[2] Te Whakamahi i a Rees v Firth [2011] NZCA 668 i [22]. Ki tā te Kaiwhakawā Arnold, ko te whakamahinga o tēnei herenga ka hua ake he tautohetohe kore hua mō te mea he "whakawa".
[3] Sam Pemberton Civil , i runga ake i te n 1, i te [47]
[4] Sam Pemberton Civil , i runga ake i te n 1, i te [66].
[5] Sam Pemberton Civil , i runga ake i te n 1, i te [40].
[6] Sam Pemberton Civil , i runga ake i te n 1, i te [47].
[7] Geye ki te Tonga [2010] NZCA 207.
[8] Tirohia te pararāfu 14.18 o Kennedy-Grant on Construction Law (2 nd ed, LexisNexis, Wellington, 2012).
[9] (Rawlinsons Media, Tāmaki Makaurau, 2003) kei te whārangi 110.
[10] (Writes Hill Press, Wellington, 2016) kei te whārangi 97.
[11] Rees v Firth [2011] NZCA 668, [2012] 1 NZLR 408 kei [22] – [25]; Sam Pemberton Civil , kei runga ake i te n 1, kei [25].
