Ngā whakaroa wā i roto i ngā kirimana hanga

I roto i tētahi kereme mō te whakaroa i te wā, he mea nui te whakaaro ki te whakapae mō te whakaroa i te aromatawai i te mea "tika me te whaitake".

I roto i te CAJ v CAI [2021] 5 GCA 102, i whakaarohia e te Kōti Pīra o Hingaiapore te take o te whakaroa i te wā i roto i ngā kirimana hanga. Mena ka whakamahia te rarangi whakaroa i te wā ( EOT ), he aha ngā mea me whakaarohia e te Kōti ina whakatau ana mēnā he tika te whakaroa?
Kaituhi(ngā): Jo O'Dea

CAJ v CAI

I tēnei take, i utua te kaiwhakatū ki te hanga i tētahi tipu silicon mā te rangatira. I neke atu te kaiwhakatū i te rā whakaoti kua whakaritea me ngā " whakatikatika " ā, i puta he tautohe i waenganui i ngā rōpū mō te take o ēnei whakaroa. I tīmata te rangatira i tētahi whakatau tautohe e kereme ana i ngā utu i puta mai i ngā whakaroa. I kī te kaiwhakatū nā ngā tohutohu a te rangatira i puta ai ngā whakaroa – he āhuatanga ehara i te mea onge i roto i tētahi kaupapa hanga.

I roto i te kirimana hanga e tika ana, he rarangi EOT i whakaaetia ai te kaiwhakatū kia whakaroahia te wā mena he " tika, he tika hoki ". Ko tētahi wāhanga o te raruraru, kāore te kaiwhakatū i kī he tika te rarangi EOT tae noa ki te wā whakamutunga o ngā tuku i roto i te whakatau tautohe. I whakahē te rangatira ki te whakaurunga tōmuri o tēnei parepare engari i whakaaetia e te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe, ā, i whakaarohia te parepare EOT. I angitu te kaiwhakatū i te piira ki te Kōti Pīra o Hingaiapore mō te whakaaro o te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe ki ngā tuku EOT tōmuri i runga i te whakaaro he:

  1. te takahi i te mana o te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe; ā
  2. he takahi i te tika ā-taiao.

I te whakatau i tēnei take, i tirohia e te Kōti Pīra te kaha o te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe ki te whakatau i tētahi tuku parepare kua roa rawa, kāore i te tino mārama, ā, i whakatau ko tēnei kāore i roto i te mana o te taraipiunara nā te mea i takahi i ngā mātāpono o te tika tūturu. I whakatau te Kōti kāore i te rangatira he wā tika, he wā whaitake hoki ki te whakautu ki te parepare EOT, ki te whakaatu rānei i tana take hei whakautu (i runga i ngā taunakitanga kua tukuna kētia i roto i ngā tukanga whakatau tautohe). Nō reira, i te wā i whakaaetia ai, i whakataua ai hoki e te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe te parepare EOT i roto i te Whakataunga, i whakakahoretia te mana o te rangatira ki te whakarongo.

He mea whakamere te kite i te whakatau a te Kōti kua takahi te taraipiunara whakatau i tana kawenga ki te whakatutuki i te tika tūturu, ka tahuri te Kōti ki te tirotiro i te kaupapa o te kereme ahakoa te whakaae a ngā rōpū ki te whakamahi i te whakatau tautohe hei whakatau tautohe. Ko te take mō tēnei he whai mana te kōti ki te tuku whakahau whai muri, āpiti rānei hei whakamana i te whakakorenga o te whakataunga a te taraipiunara whakatau tautohe. Kāore te Kōti i te whakamahi i ngā " mana whānui, mana toenga rānei " hei takahi i te Ture Tauira o te Ture 5. Engari, i whakamahia e ia he mana e ahu mai ana i tōna mana whakahaere i raro i te Ture Tauira o te Ture 34(2)(a)(iii) hei whakakore i tētahi whakataunga, i tētahi wāhanga rānei o taua whakataunga. I kī te Kōti mēnā kāore e tirohia tēnei take, ka " whakakorea rawatia " te whakataunga tuturu, ā, ka waiho kia kore e kitea. Kātahi ka waiho te rangatira me te "whakaaro tino koretake, kāore hoki e arumoni ana, arā, me tīmata anō ngā mahi whakatau tautohe hou, me te whakaaro he taea tonu tēnā i te mea kua pau te wā ". 

Kātahi ka whakaarohia e te Kōti ngā mea e tika ana kia tirohia e pā ana ki ngā rarangi EOT. I whakatauhia e ia ehara te whakapae i te pūtake mō te whakatau ko wai te he nui ake, iti iho rānei, mō te whakaroa. Ko te mea nui ake ko te aromatawai pono i ngā āhuatanga i puta ai te whakaroa. Kia oti tēnei, ka taea te tirotiro i tētahi whakapae hei aromatawai i te EOT " tika me te whaitake" . Hei mahi i tēnei, i tirohia e te Kōti te kawenga o ia rōpū mō te whakaroa. I tēnei take, i whakaaro te Kōti me mahi he aromatawai i runga i ngā meka hei whakatau he aha te "tika".

He mea nui kia mōhiotia he whakataunga tēnei nā te Kōti o Hīngapōra, ā, he rerekē pea te huarahi e whakamahia ana e ngā mana whakahaere rerekē ina whakaarohia ana te whakamārama i ngā rarangi EOT i roto i ngā kirimana hanga. Pērā i ngā kirimana katoa, ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā tikanga o te rarangi kei roto i te/ngā kirimana e tika ana.

Whakamutunga

Ko te kaupapa matua o ngā take tautohe EOT katoa ko te mea i ngā wā katoa ka puta he whakaroa, mā te tuhi "wā-tūturu" i te take me te pānga o te whakaroa ka āwhina i te whakatau mēnā he tika te kaiwhakatū ki te whiwhi EOT, ā, mēnā koinā, ko te whānuitanga o te EOT me ngā utu e pā ana ki te wā. Mēnā me whakatau e te Kōti te take o te whakaroa me te mea "tika", ka nui ake te whai hua o tēnei momo tuhinga i tētahi tātari whakaroa whakamuri e ahu mai ana i ngā whakaaro.

Mā te arotake motuhake o ngā taunakitanga o nāianei ka aukati, ka whakaiti rānei i te pikinga o tētahi tautohe. Ā, ki te mea he kereme whaimana, kaua e wareware ki te tuku pānui tika mō te kirimana e pā ana ki te/ngā rarangi i whakawhirinakihia hei pūtake mō te EOT.

Whakapā mai

Whakakīia te puka hei whakapā atu ki tā mātou tīma kia kite ai me pēhea mātou e āwhina ai, e whakapā mai rānei ki a mātou mō tētahi o ēnei e whai ake nei:

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