Ā, ki tō whakaaro kei te raru pea tō kirimana hanga?

I roto i te kēhi o Ahitereiria tata nei o Gemcan Constructions Pty Ltd v Westbourne Grammar School [2022] VSC 6, i whakaarohia e te Kōti Matua o Wikitōria ētahi take e pā ana ki te tautohe utu hangahanga i waenganui i ngā rōpū. I roto i te hangarau, ko tēnei kēhi te mutunga o te kereme whakamana i te maha o ngā raruraru.

TŪHIRO: He take Ahitereiria tēnei. E rua ngā ture e pā ana ki reira, arā, ko te Ture Whakatau Tauhokohoko 2011 ( CCA ) me te Ture Haumarutanga Utu mō te Ahumahi Hanga me te Hanga (2002), ("SOP"). Ko te ture ōrite e pā ana ki Aotearoa ko te Ture Whakatau Tauhokohoko 1996 me te Ture Kirimana Hanga 2002, he rite tonu te āhua engari he rerekētanga nui. Mō ngā take o te ture me te ture take, he nui ngā āhuatanga ōrite hei whakatau ko te putanga o te tautohe ka rite ki Aotearoa.
Kaituhi(ngā): Jo O'Dea

Papamuri

I te 25 o Hūrae 2016, i uru atu a Gemcan Constructions Pty Ltd ( Gemcan ) me te Kura Tuarua o Westbourne ( WGS ) ki tētahi kirimana hanga mō ngā mahi maha i tētahi puni o WGS. I puta he tautohe mō te mahi me ngā utu, ā, mō tēnei i rapua e ngā rōpū he whakataunga i raro i te Ture SOP. I tono a WSG kia arotakehia te whakataunga e te ture.

Arotakenga ā-ture (2017)

I tono a WGS kia arotakehia te whakataunga utu i roto i te Kōti Matua o Wikitōria, ā, i angitu ki te whakakore. I whakatau a Tā Robson J kua hē te kaiwhakawā i tana kitenga he kore mana te pānui a WGS e kī ana ka tangohia ngā mahi e toe ana kia mahia i raro i te Kirimana mai i ngā ringaringa o Gemcan (te pānui tango) nā te mea kāore i tukuna tika ki te Kaihanga.

Me whakatau tātou i te take? (2020)

Haunga ngā tautohe utu, kāore i taea e ngā rōpū te whakaae he wāhanga whakatau tautohe tika tā rātou. I whai a Gemcan kia tukuna ngā tautohe ki te whakatau tautohe i raro i te wāhanga e tika ana o te kirimana. I whakahē a WGS i tēnei, me te tautohe kāore te kirimana i te hanga i tētahi whakaaetanga here ki te whakatau tautohe nā te mea kāore i roto ngā taipitopito mō te whakatūnga o te kaiwhakatau tautohe me ngā ture whakatau tautohe ka pā. 

I te whakatau i tēnei take hei tautoko i a Gemcan, i kitea e te Kōti kei roto i te kirimana he whakaaetanga whakatau tautohe whai mana e āhei ai te Kōti ki te whakatau i te whakatūnga o tētahi kaiwhakatau tautohe i raro i te wāhanga 11 o te CAA. Kātahi ka tīmata a Gemcan i ngā tukanga whakatau tautohe ki a WGS.

Te Whakataunga (2021)

I te whakatau tautohe, i whiwhi a Gemcan i tētahi whakataunga hei tautoko i a ia mō te kereme utu i raro i te Ture SOP. Ko tētahi o ngā tautohe i whakaarahia e Gemcan ko te kore whai mana o te pānui tango-atu i runga i te whakaaro kāore a Gemcan i takahi nui i te kirimana. I tautohe a WGS i aukatia a Gemcan ki te whakaputa i taua tautohe ("kua whakakorea") nā te mea kua whakatauhia kētia te mana o te pānui tango-atu e Robson J i roto i te tukanga arotake ture.

I kitea e te kaiwhakatau ko te whakataunga a Robson J i herea ki te whakaaro mēnā i hē te kaiwhakatau i tana whakatau kua tukuna tika te pānui tango-atu. Kāore i aukatia a Gemcan i te tautohe i roto i te whakatau tautohe he kore mana te pānui i runga i te whakaaro kāore i takahi i te kirimana. Ko te mutunga iho o tēnei he kore mana te pānui tango-atu i te kaupapa, ā, nō reira, kāore a WGS i tango tika i te mahi mai i a Gemcan.

Te Kōti Matua (2022)

Kātahi ka tono a Gemcan kia whakamanahia te whakataunga whakatau tautohe, ā, ka tono a WGS kia whakakorehia te whakataunga i runga i te whakaaro he taupatupatu ki ngā kaupapa here a te iwi. I tautohe a WGS i "āraia" te kaiwhakatau tautohe i te kitenga kāore a Gemcan i takahi i te kirimana. I tautohe a WGS i whai mana ngā mātāpono o te res judicata me te issue estoppel.

Ko te tikanga o te res judicata kua whakatauhia tētahi mea e tētahi kōti whai mana, nō reira kāore e taea te whai atu anō e ngā rōpū kotahi. Mā te take estoppel ka ārai i tētahi rōpū e ngana ana ki te tautohe anō i tētahi take meka, ture rānei kua whakatauhia i mua i roto i ngā whakahaerenga ture. E tautohe ana hoki a WGS kua whakamahia he Anshun estoppel. Ko tēnei momo estoppel he momo take estoppel e mahi ana hei ārai i tētahi rōpū ki te kawe kereme i roto i ngā whakahaerenga i tika kia kawea (engari kāore i kawea) i roto i ngā whakahaerenga o mua.

Ko ngā take matua e rua ko:

  • mēnā he raruraru i puta mai i te aukati (i te aukati Anshun rānei); ā,
  • Mena koinā te āhua, me whakakore rānei te whakataunga whakatau tautohe nā te mea nā te korenga o te kaiwhakatau tautohe ki te whakamahi i te take estoppel, estoppel rānei a Anshun i takahi i te kaupapa here a te iwi whānui.

I whakatau a Kaiwhakawā Riordan ko te take i whakaarohia i roto i te keehi arotake whakawa ko te kore mana o te panui tango-atu nā te mea i tukuna i muri i te tangohanga o te mahi a te WGS mai i a Gemcan. Ko te whakatau a Robson J i hē te kaiwhakawā ki te kite he kore mana te panui tango-atu i mahia i runga i ngā whakaritenga tukanga mō te tuku i te panui tango-atu. Kāore a Robson J i whakatau mō te ihirangi matua o te panui tango-atu – arā, mehemea i takahi a Gemcan i te kirimana. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, i kitea e Kaiwhakawā Riordan kāore he take aukati i aukati i te kaiwhakawa ki te whakatau kāore a Gemcan i takahi nui i te kirimana, ā, nō reira he kore mana te Panui Tango-atu.

I kitea anō hoki e te Kaiwhakawā Riordan kāore i puta he aukati a Anshun nā te mea kāore a Gemcan i kī i mua i a Kaiwhakawā Robson (i roto i te tukanga arotake whakawa) kāore he takahi nui o te kirimana e tika ana kia tukuna e te WGS te pānui tango-atu he mea koretake. Ki te kitea he rerekētanga, he mea whakahē ki ngā whāinga o te Ture SOP, i hangaia hei whakarite i te utu tere me te rere o te moni mā te tukanga whakatau tere, me te whakatau whakamutunga i ngā tautohe i muri mai. Mā te tono i ngā rōpū ki te whakaara ake i ngā take uaua i te wā whakatau, i te arotake whakawa rānei o te whakataunga whakatau ka hinga te kaupapa o te kaupapa ture.

Ahakoa i kitea kāore he aukati i puta, i whai whakaaro tonu a Riordan J mēnā ka taupatupatu te whakataunga a te kaiwhakatau tautohe ki te kaupapa here a te iwi whānui nā te hapa a te kaiwhakatau tautohe.

I kī ia me whakawhāiti te whakamārama i te rerekētanga kaupapa here tūmatanui. I tana whakahua i tēnei, me te whai whakaaro ki te huarahi o te wawaotanga iti rawa i roto i ngā tukanga whakatau tautohe kua whakatōkia ki roto i te CAA, i kitea e Riordan J ko te korenga o te kaiwhakatau tautohe ki te whakamahi i tētahi aukati take ka taea te whakauru atu ki te kaupapa here tūmatanui. ENGARI kāore taua kaupapa e whai mana mēnā kāore he hē tūturu, he koretake rānei i roto i te whakatau.

I whakatau te Kaitohutohu ahakoa i kitea e ia he hē te kaiwhakawa, kāore i kitea he hē tūturu, he whanoke rānei.  

Whakamutunga

I konei, te āhua nei kua whai te Kōti i te "wairua" o te ture i te whakaū anō mēnā he tikanga tautohe utu, ka mahi tēnei tikanga ki te mahi i tēnā. Kāore te whakataunga (mō te utu) i raro i te Ture SOP e whakaoti i ngā tika i waenga i ngā rōpū, ā, i te nuinga o ngā wā kua whakaae ngā rōpū ki tētahi tikanga whakatau tautohe whakamutunga i raro i te kirimana hanga e tika ana - me whakamahi e rātou. Hei whakatau mēnā he take aukati, ka tirohia e te kōti ngā meka o te take hei whakatau mēnā he hē tūturu, he hē mahi rānei. Mēnā kua arotakehia e te kōti te whakataunga a te kaiwhakawā i raro i te Ture SOP, kāore pea te kōti e kite he hē tūturu me te hē mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga kāore ngā take i waho o te whānuitanga o te arotakenga ture e tautohetia ana i mua i te kōti. I Aotearoa, ehara i te mea onge kia whakawakia e te kaitono he tautohe utu i runga i te nama taunoa (arā, te kore tutuki hangarau ki te tikanga utu i raro i te CCA) me runga i ngā painga o te huarahi kē. Kei ngā kaiwhakawā te mana ki te whakatau i tētahi tautohe e puta ake ana i raro i tētahi kirimana hanga (ehara i te mea ko ngā tautohe utu anake) ā, mai i te Hakihea 2015, ka taea te whakamana i ngā whakataunga e pā ana ki ngā tika me ngā herenga o ngā rōpū i runga anō i te wāhanga 59A o te CCA (tirohia te wāhanga 58(2)). Ko te pātai mēnā ka puta te res judicata (he take aukati) i roto i te horopaki o ngā whakataunga whai muri he take rerekē. Ko te mana matua o Aotearoa mō te res judicata i roto i te horopaki whakataunga ko te whakataunga a te Kōti Matua i roto i Te Rōpū Whakahaere 200012 v Keene QC [2017] NZHC 2953 i [81]-[83]. Nō nā tata nei i roto i Haskell Construction Limited v Ashcroft [2020] 3 NZLR 113 (HC) i [77] I kī a Grice J…
Ko te arotahi me aro ki ngā mea i whakatauhia i roto i te whakataunga o mua. Mā tēnā ka whakatau te nui, te iti rānei o ngā mea e toe ana hei whakaaroaro mā te kaiwhakawā o muri mai…Me whakahaere tetahi tātaritanga o ngā āhuatanga ōrite me te whakaaro ki te tukanga pakari me te poto o te wā mō ngā whakataunga. Ki te kore e mārama kua oti katoa te whakatau i ngā take o te kereme, kua tika rānei kia whakahaerea i roto i te whakataunga o mua, me tūpato tēnei Kōti kei pokanoa ki te whakataunga a te kaiwhakawā. Kaua e whakahaere i tētahi tātaritanga pai o ngā take i whakaarahia i roto i te whakataunga o mua. Ko te kaiwhakawā, ehara i tēnei Kōti, te mea kei te tūranga pai ki te whakahaere i taua tātaritanga me te tae atu ki tētahi whakataunga i runga i ngā mōhiohio i tukuna ki tōna aroaro me ngā tuku a ngā rōpū.

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